{"id":13,"date":"2013-02-04T11:36:12","date_gmt":"2013-02-04T11:36:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ocw.unileon.es\/asignatura\/?page_id=11"},"modified":"2019-03-25T13:54:52","modified_gmt":"2019-03-25T12:54:52","slug":"practicas","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/ocw.unileon.es\/fotovoltaica-biomasa-y-cogeneracion\/practicas\/","title":{"rendered":"Pr\u00e1cticas"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

EMPLAZAMIENTO Y DISTRIBUIDORA DE ELECTRICIDAD<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

ENTRADA<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

VALOR SUGERIDO<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

RANGO<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

FUENTE<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Emplazamiento<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Site location<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Palmdale, CA<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\/<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Tarifa el\u00e9ctrica<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Electricity rate<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Commercial; Southern California Edison Co: Time of Use; General Service; Large;<\/p>\n

TOU-8 CPP (2 kV-50kV)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\/<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Southern California Edison. Rate Schedule TOU-8, https:\/\/www.sce.com\/NR\/rdonlyres\/4393B684-6D2A-49F0-8359-85DC4CD1D679\/0\/091022_TOU8_Fact_Sh…<\/p>\n

OpenEI. Basic information,<\/p>\n

https:\/\/openei.org\/apps\/IURDB\/rate\/view\/56bbe096682bea7fa5c3145d#1__Basic_Information<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Tarifa el\u00e9ctrica introducida por el usuario<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Custom electricity rate<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

No hacer clic en la casilla<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\/<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\/<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Balance neto[1]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Net metering<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0 (se supondr\u00e1 que la instalaci\u00f3n no est\u00e1 sujeta al Balance Neto)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Depende de la legislaci\u00f3n en cada pa\u00eds<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

http:\/\/programs.dsireusa.org\/system\/program\/detail\/276<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Precio del mercado mayorista spot o de contado<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Wholesale rate ($\/kWh)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

T\u00edpicamente 0 a 0.05 (muy variable)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/todayinenergy\/detail.php?id=30692#tab1<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Nombre del emplazamiento<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Site name<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Palmdale Regional Medical Center<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\/<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

https:\/\/www.palmdaleregional.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Superficie del complejo hospitalario<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Land available (acres)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

34.17 acres<\/p>\n

(138 281 m2<\/sup>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\/<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palmdale_Regional_Medical_Center#cite_note-1<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Superficie de la cubierta<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Roofspace available (sq ft)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

320 000 pies cuadrados<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

30 000 m2<\/sup><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Se supondr\u00e1 que la cubierta tiene unas dimensiones de 173 x\u00a0 173 metros. \u00c9ste podr\u00eda ser un elemento restrictivo a la hora de elegir la potencia del campo de colectores<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\/<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palmdale_Regional_Medical_Center<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

PERFIL DE LA CARGA (simular el perfil, no subirlo a trav\u00e9s de un archivo)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Tipo de edificio<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Type of building<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Hospital<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\/<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\/<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Consumo anual de energ\u00eda (kWh)<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Annual energy consumption (kWh)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

4 900 000 kWh<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\/<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Conejo J, Rainey T. Natural Disasters, Hospitals and Emergency Generators: A natural progression to complete energy resiliency. Albany: EYP Inc.; 2017.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Gaeta Hern\u00e1ndez AC. Reducing healthcare\u2019s climate footprint: Opportunities for European hospitals & health systems. Brussels: HCWH EUROPE; 2016.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Ministry for Energy and Health. An energy roadmap – Towards achieving decarbonization for the Maltese islands analysis for a cost-effective and efficient heating and cooling. Malta: Ministry for Energy and Health; 2015.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Factor de carga cr\u00edtica<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Critical load factor (%) <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

50%<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

10-100%<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

El factor de carga cr\u00edtica var\u00eda mucho dependiendo del fin \u00faltimo del edificio. Para un hospital <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

FINANCIERO<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Tasa de descuento nominal (%)<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Host discount rate, nominal (%) <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

8.1%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

2.4 \u2013 15%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

https:\/\/atb.nrel.gov\/<\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/nvlpubs.nist.gov\/nistpubs\/ir\/2018\/NIST.IR.85-3273-33.pdf<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Porcentaje de incremento anual, %<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Electricity cost escalation rate, nominal (%) <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

2.6%<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-0.5 \u2013 5.5%<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/outlooks\/aeo\/data\/browser\/#\/?id=3-AEO2017&cases=ref2017&sourcekey=0<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

https:\/\/nvlpubs.nist.gov\/nistpubs\/ir\/2018\/NIST.IR.85-3273-33.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

https:\/\/energy.gov\/eere\/femp\/energy-escalation-rate-calculator-download<\/a> \u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Periodo de an\u00e1lisis (a\u00f1os)<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Analysis period (years) <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

20<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

10 \u2013 40<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

https:\/\/atb.nrel.gov\/<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.gpo.gov\/fdsys\/pkg\/PLAW-110publ140\/pdf\/PLAW-110publ140.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Impuesto de sociedades (%)<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Host effective tax rate (%) <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

26%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

https:\/\/atb.nrel.gov\/<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.irs.gov\/pub\/irs-pdf\/i1120.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

https:\/\/files.taxfoundation.org\/20170224134124\/Tax-Foundation-FF542.pdf<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Porcentaje de aumento de los costes de operaci\u00f3n y mantenimiento<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

O&M cost escalation rate (%) <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

2.5%<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

-0.6 \u2013 4%<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

https:\/\/atb.nrel.gov\/<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

https:\/\/nvlpubs.nist.gov\/nistpubs\/ir\/2018\/NIST.IR.85-3273-33.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.usinflationcalculator.com\/inflation\/historical-inflation-rates\/<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

RESILIENCIA<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

ENTRADA<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

VALOR SUGERIDO<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

RANGO<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

FUENTE<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Duraci\u00f3n de la interrupci\u00f3n del suministro<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Outage duration (hours)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Hacer 3 (TRES) simulaciones distintas, una con 8 horas, otra con 16 horas y otra con 24 horas para hacer una comparativa de los resultados obtenidos y discutirlos en la secci\u00f3n de \u201cDiscusi\u00f3n\u201d<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

8 \u2013 24 horas<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

http:\/\/www.primepower.com\/blog\/emergency-power-back-up-for-hospitals-an-overview\/<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

D\u00eda en el que se produce la interrupci\u00f3n del suministro<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Outage start date<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Hacer 2 (DOS) suposiciones distintas, una el 21 de diciembre y otra el 21 de junio para hacer una comparativa de los resultados obtenidos y discutirlos en la secci\u00f3n de \u201cDiscusi\u00f3n\u201d<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\/<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Hora en el que se produce la interrupci\u00f3n del suministro<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Outage start time<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Hacer 2 (DOS) suposiciones distintas, una a las 5 pm y otra a las 2 a.m., para hacer una comparativa de los resultados obtenidos y discutirlos en la secci\u00f3n de \u201cDiscusi\u00f3n\u201d<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

N\u00famero de simulaciones a realizar<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

12<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

8 horas de duraci\u00f3n el 21 de diciembre a las 2 am<\/p>\n

8 horas de duraci\u00f3n el 21 de diciembre a las 5 pm<\/p>\n

8 horas de duraci\u00f3n el 21 de junio a las 2 am<\/p>\n

8 horas de duraci\u00f3n el 21 de junio a las 5 pm<\/p>\n

16 horas de duraci\u00f3n el 21 de diciembre a las 2 am<\/p>\n

16 horas de duraci\u00f3n el 21 de diciembre a las 5 pm<\/p>\n

16 horas de duraci\u00f3n el 21 de junio a las 2 am<\/p>\n

16 horas de duraci\u00f3n el 21 de junio a las 5 pm<\/p>\n

24 horas de duraci\u00f3n el 21 de diciembre a las 2 am<\/p>\n

24 horas de duraci\u00f3n el 21 de diciembre a las 5 pm<\/p>\n

24 horas de duraci\u00f3n el 21 de junio a las 2 am<\/p>\n

24 horas de duraci\u00f3n el 21 de junio a las 5 pm<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Tipo de interrupci\u00f3n<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Type of outage event<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Majot outage \u2013 Occurs once per Project lifetime<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\/<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\/<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Existing diesel generator?<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

S\u00ed<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Potencia nominal del grupo electr\u00f3geno<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Existing diesel generator size (kW)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1200 kW<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\/<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Datos del ejercicio<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Disponibilidad de combustible para el grupo electr\u00f3geno (en galones)<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Fuel availability for diesel generator (gallons)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

680 gal<\/p>\n

(2575 l)<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Dato supuesto<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Tasa de combustible quemado por el grupo electr\u00f3geno<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Fuel burn rate for diesel generator<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.078 galones\/kWh<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

0.2952 l\/kWh<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

http:\/\/dnr.alaska.gov\/mlw\/mining\/largemine\/greenscreek\/pdf\/gc2014gpo14_rcp.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Consumo de la curva de consumo de combustible para el generador di\u00e9sel<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Fuel curve y-<\/strong><\/p>\n

intercept by generator capacity <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.009 \u00a0gal\/h<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

0.034 l\/hora<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.004 \u2013 0.0142 gal\/h<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

0.01514165 \u2013 0.05375285 l\/h<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Diesel Generator Sets: Distributed Reciprocating Engines <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

for Portable, Standby, Prime, Continuous, and Cogeneration Applications. <\/em><\/strong>Gauntlett, D., and K. Adamson. 2013. Navigant Research.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.homerenergy.com\/products\/pro\/docs\/3.9\/generator_fuel_curve_intercept_coefficient.html<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Integration of Renewable Sources of Energy. Felix A. Farret, M. Godoy Simoes<\/h1>\n

\u00a0<\/h1>\n

https:\/\/books.google.es\/books?id=7tkoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA584&lpg=PA584&dq=Fuel+curve+y-+intercept+by+generator+capacity&source=bl&ots=BTN5rbhzUU&sig=ACfU3U1kcKw6LRyaOXrMU5B3lPrMmt1uwQ&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjZuNeJ8e3gAhUeBWMBHREwB7oQ6AEwCXoECAUQAQ#v=onepage&q=Fuel%20curve%20y-%20intercept%20by%20generator%20capacity&f=false<\/a><\/h1>\n

\u00a0<\/h1>\n

Artificial Intelligence in Renewable Energetic Systems: Smart Sustainable. Mustapha Hatti<\/h1>\n

https:\/\/books.google.es\/books?id=ufxQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111&lpg=PA111&dq=Fuel+curve+y-+intercept+by+generator+capacity&source=bl&ots=qbFGFryZQN&sig=ACfU3U157Sz0La3_CwUdheiB1GuHOdUYNA&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjZuNeJ8e3gAhUeBWMBHREwB7oQ6AEwCnoECAIQAQ#v=onepage&q=Fuel%20curve%20y-%20intercept%20by%20generator%20capacity&f=false<\/a><\/h1>\n

\u00a0<\/h1>\n

Handbook Of Renewable Energy Technology. \u00a0Zobaa Ahmed F, Bansal Ramesh C<\/h1>\n

https:\/\/books.google.es\/books?id=j8vFCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA529&lpg=PA529&dq=Fuel+curve+y-+intercept+by+generator+capacity&source=bl&ots=ckax-oog1u&sig=ACfU3U3ClcWRaSIhDCLZ6pa6jxh9L0WSvQ&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjZuNeJ8e3gAhUeBWMBHREwB7oQ6AEwC3oECAAQAQ#v=onepage&q=Fuel%20curve%20y-%20intercept%20by%20generator%20capacity&f=false<\/a><\/h1>\n

\u00a0<\/h1>\n

\u00a0<\/h1>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Carga m\u00ednima para que el grupo di\u00e9sel entre en funcionamiento<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Minimum loading for diesel generator (% of capacity)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

10%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

A pesar de que normalmente se asume que la carga m\u00ednima de un grupo di\u00e9sel debe ser del orden del 30% para que entre en operaci\u00f3n<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.designbyinitiative.com\/files\/5314\/2806\/8039\/Effects_of_low_load_running.pdf<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

https:\/\/powersuite.cummins.com\/PS5\/PS5Content\/HTML\/common\/Binary_Asset\/docs\/PowerSuite5.pdf<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

https:\/\/d2oc0ihd6a5bt.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/837\/2015\/06\/5-Mike-Wanebo-Innovus-Soutions-for-LCOE-Reduction-ACEF-June-2015.pdf<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

debido a que en el enunciado del ejercicio se nos indica que son 3 grupos di\u00e9sel, se ha puesto como valor recomendado ese 10%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Coste de actualizaci\u00f3n de la microrred (como % del coste de inversi\u00f3n)<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Microgrid upgrade cost (% of system capital cost)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

30%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\/<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Coste de no alimentar a cargas durante cortes en el suministro ($\/kWh)<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Avoided outage costs ($\/kWh)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

100 $\/kWh<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.0032 \u2013 432.89 $\/kWh<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

https:\/\/hepg.hks.harvard.edu\/files\/hepg\/files\/voll_final_report_to_miso_042806.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

https:\/\/emp.lbl.gov\/sites\/all\/files\/lbnl-54365.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

P\u00e1gina 1021 de Johansson TB, Kelly H, Reddy AKN, Burnham L<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

. Renewable Energy: Sources for Fuels and Electricity. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: Island Press<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

https:\/\/books.google.es\/books?id=40XtqVMRxOUC&pg=PA1021&lpg=PA1021&dq=Avoided+%22outage+costs%22+(%22$\/kWh%22)&source=bl&ots=j0GqI1ZsTu&sig=ACfU3U0GWeIUezlD2FlJEzm2XsvnyJHdPA&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjOnrqt4u3gAhXS2OAKHavhDIkQ6AEwB3oECAMQAQ#v=onepage&q=Avoided%20%22outage%20costs%22%20(%22%24%2FkWh%22)&f=false<\/a><\/h1>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Esta \u00faltima p\u00e1gina es bastante importante ya que vendr\u00eda a explicar el porqu\u00e9 de las sustanciales diferencias de los apagones dependiendo del usuario final. Podr\u00eda ser interesante discutir algo al respecto en el trabajo<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

SISTEMA FOTOVOLTAICO<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

ENTRADA<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

VALOR SUGERIDO<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

RANGO<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

FUENTE<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Coste de la instalaci\u00f3n<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

System capital cost ($\/kW) <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

$2000<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

$1638 \u2013 2180<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

https:\/\/atb.nrel.gov\/<\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/docs\/fy17osti\/68925.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Incentivos<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Capital Cost Based Incentives <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

30% Federal (lo dem\u00e1s con los valores por defecto)<\/p>\n

ITC, 5 year MACRS<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency. NC Clean Energy Tech Center, August 2017. <\/strong><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.dsireusa.org\/<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

http:\/\/programs.dsireusa.org\/system\/program\/detail\/658<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

http:\/\/programs.dsireusa.org\/system\/program\/detail\/658<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

http:\/\/programs.dsireusa.org\/system\/program\/detail\/676<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Coste de operaci\u00f3n y mantenimiento<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

O&M cost ($\/kW\/year) <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

$16<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

$11 \u2013 20<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

https:\/\/atb.nrel.gov\/<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Potencia nominal m\u00ednima<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Minimum size desired (kW DC)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0 kW<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\/<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Potencia nominal m\u00e1xima<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Maximum size desired (kW DC)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u201cUnlimited\u201d<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\/<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Tipo de m\u00f3dulo<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Module type<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Standard<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\/<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Azimut del campo de colectores<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Array azimuth <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

180\u00ba (vamos a suponer que est\u00e1n perfectamente orientados hacia el Sur)<\/p>\n

\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/<\/p>\n

0\u00ba Norte<\/p>\n

90\u00ba Este<\/p>\n

180\u00ba Sur<\/p>\n

270\u00ba Oeste<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0 – 360\u00b0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Advanced Photovoltaic Installations. Balfour, John, Michael Shaw, and Nicole Bremer Nash. The Art and Science of Photovoltaics. 2013. <\/strong><\/p>\n

https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=t5uTktdsu3AC&pg=PA77&lpg=PA77&dq=pv+geometry+flat+roof&source=bl&ots=K4v99ljXqq&sig=spZ0uf0Zdh-zrK66Zldm6UN6ECs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiErOjBlevVAhUKw4MKHTzoCMMQ6AEIcDAM#v=onepage&q=pv%20geometry%20flat%20roof&f=false<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Inclinaci\u00f3n del campo de colectores[2]<\/a><\/p>\n

Array tilt \u2013 Rooftop, Fixed <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

10\u00ba<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0 \u2013 60\u00b0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Designing with Solar Power: A Source Book for Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV). Prasad, Deo and Snow, Mark. SOLARCH Group, Centre for a Sustainable Built Environment, 2013. <\/strong><\/p>\n

https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=3UFpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA77&lpg=PA77&dq=pv+geometry+flat+roof&source=bl&ots=l-I9pYEIBq&sig=g11YXvSxZr_6hjTIO2KsIGTKfG4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjR2pvWluvVAhWF0FQKHeHSD5c4ChDoAQhPMAM#v=onepage&q=chapter%205&f=false<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u201cDC to AC size ratio\u201d [3]<\/a><\/p>\n

DC to AC ratio <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.10<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.10 \u2013 1.50<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/docs\/fy14osti\/62641.pdf<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

https:\/\/pvwatts.nrel.gov\/index.php<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

P\u00e9rdidas del sistema debido a la suciedad<\/p>\n

System losses \u2013 Soiling <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

2%<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

2 \u2013 25%<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/docs\/fy14osti\/62641.pdf<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

https:\/\/pvwatts.nrel.gov\/index.php<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/docs\/fy05osti\/37358.pdf<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

P\u00e9rdidas del sistema debido a sombras<\/p>\n

System losses \u2013 Shading <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

3%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0 \u2013 30%<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/docs\/fy14osti\/62641.pdf<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

https:\/\/pvwatts.nrel.gov\/index.php<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

https:\/\/static1.squarespace.com\/static\/556efc95e4b0b54303d2a73c\/t\/5801147a5016e1907a35cf89\/1476465790487\/PV+Shading+Testbed+Sept+2016.pdf<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/docs\/fy05osti\/37358.pdf<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

P\u00e9rdidas del sistema debido a nieve<\/p>\n

System losses \u2013 Snow <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0%<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Aunque de un 0% a un 15% es lo usual, puede ser hasta el 100%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/docs\/fy14osti\/62641.pdf<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

https:\/\/pvwatts.nrel.gov\/index.php<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/docs\/fy17osti\/68705.pdf<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

P\u00e9rdidas del sistema debido al Efecto Mismatching o de acoplamiento[4]<\/a><\/p>\n

System losses \u2013 Mismatch <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

2%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.5 \u2013 3%<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/docs\/fy14osti\/62641.pdf<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

https:\/\/pvwatts.nrel.gov\/index.php<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/docs\/fy05osti\/37358.pdf<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

P\u00e9rdidas en los conductores<\/p>\n

System losses \u2013Wiring <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

2%<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.7 \u2013 2%<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/docs\/fy14osti\/62641.pdf<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

https:\/\/pvwatts.nrel.gov\/index.php<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/docs\/fy05osti\/37358.pdf<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

P\u00e9rdidas en diodos y conexiones<\/p>\n

System losses \u2013 Connection <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.5%<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.3 \u2013 0.1%<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/docs\/fy14osti\/62641.pdf<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

https:\/\/pvwatts.nrel.gov\/index.php<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/docs\/fy05osti\/37358.pdf<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

P\u00e9rdidas debidas a la degradaci\u00f3n inducida por la luz (LID)[5]<\/a><\/p>\n

System losses \u2013 Light-induced Degradation (LID) <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.5%<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0.3 \u2013 10%<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/docs\/fy14osti\/62641.pdf<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

https:\/\/pvwatts.nrel.gov\/index.php<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/docs\/fy05osti\/37358.pdf<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

P\u00e9rdidas por envejecimiento<\/p>\n

System losses \u2013 Age <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

3%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0 \u2013 100%<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/docs\/fy14osti\/62641.pdf<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n

https:\/\/pvwatts.nrel.gov\/index.php<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

P\u00e9rdidas totales del sistema = P\u00e9rdidas del sistema debido a la suciedad<\/p>\n

+P\u00e9rdidas del sistema debido a sombras<\/p>\n

+P\u00e9rdidas del sistema debido a nieve<\/p>\n

+P\u00e9rdidas del sistema debido al Efecto Mismatching o de acoplamiento<\/p>\n

+P\u00e9rdidas en los conductores<\/p>\n

+P\u00e9rdidas en diodos y conexiones<\/p>\n

+P\u00e9rdidas debidas a la degradaci\u00f3n inducida por la luz (LID)<\/p>\n

+P\u00e9rdidas por envejecimiento<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

14%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5 \u2013 100%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Periodo de depreciaci\u00f3n acelerada<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

MACRS<\/strong>[6]<\/strong><\/a> schedule<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5 a\u00f1os<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5 \u2013 7 a\u00f1os<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/docs\/fy16osti\/65014.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

ALMACENAMIENTO (N\u00d3TESE QUE TODOS LOS VALORES LISTADOS\u00a0 ASUMEN LA UTILIZACI\u00d3N DE BATER\u00cdAS DE ION LITIO)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

ENTRADA<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

VALOR SUGERIDO<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

RANGO<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

FUENTE<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Coste de almacenamiento energ\u00e9tico ($\/kWh)<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Energy capacity cost ($\/kWh) <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

$500<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

$400 \u2013 690<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

U.S. Energy Storage Monitor: Q2 2017 Full Report. GTM Research, June 2017. <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

The future cost of electrical energy storage based on experience rates. Schmidt, O., A. Hawkes, A. Gambhir, and I\/ Staffell. Nature Energy, <\/em>July 2017. <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Grid-scale Energy Storage Balance of Systems 2015-2020: Architectures, Costs, and Players. <\/strong>GTM Research, January 2016. <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/docs\/fy17osti\/67235.pdf<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Coste de la producci\u00f3n de electricidad ($\/kW)[7]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Power capacity cost ($\/kW) <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

$1000<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

$800 \u2013 1375<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

U.S. Energy Storage Monitor: Q2 2017 Full Report. GTM Research, June 2017. <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

The future cost of electrical energy storage based on experience rates. Schmidt, O., A. Hawkes, A. Gambhir, and I\/ Staffell. Nature Energy, <\/em>July 2017. <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Grid-scale Energy Storage Balance of Systems 2015-2020: Architectures, Costs, and Players. <\/strong>GTM Research, January 2016. <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/docs\/fy17osti\/67235.pdf<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Coste del reemplazo de las bater\u00edas ($\/kWh)<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Battery energy capacity replacement cost ($\/kWh) <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

$230<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

$170 \u2013 300<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

The future cost of electrical energy storage based on experience rates. Schmidt, O., A. Hawkes, A. Gambhir, and I\/ Staffell. Nature Energy, <\/em>July 2017. <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Grid-scale Energy Storage Balance of Systems 2015-2020: Architectures, Costs, and Players. <\/strong>GTM Research, January 2016. <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Vida \u00fatil de las bater\u00edas<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Energy capacity replacement year <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

10<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Aunque de 4 a 20 a\u00f1os es posible, lo m\u00e1s probable es que esta cantidad oscile entre los<\/p>\n

8 y los 15 a\u00f1os<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/docs\/fy16osti\/64987.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Lithium Batteries and Other Electrochemical Storage Systems. Glazie, Christian and Geni\u00e8s, Sylvie, August 2013. <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/9781118761120.ch6\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Battery Technologies for Large-Scale Stationary Energy Storage. Soloveichik, Grigorii L., General Electric Global Research, March 2011. <\/strong><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.annualreviews.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1146\/annurev-chembioeng-061010-114116<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Lithium-Ion Batteries for Off-Grid Systems \u2013 Are They a Good Match? Richmond, Randy. Home Power, February\/March 2013. <\/strong><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.homepower.com\/articles\/solar-electricity\/equipment-products\/lithium-ion-batteries-<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Energy analysis of batteries in photovoltaic systems. Part II: Energy return factors and overall battery efficiencies. Rydh, Carl Johan and Sand\u00e9n, Bj\u00f6rn A., Energy Conversion and Management<\/em>, Volume 46, July 2005. <\/strong><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0196890404002419<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Coste de reemplazo de los inversores y del Equilibrio del Sistema (BOS) ($\/kW)<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Power capacity replacement cost ($\/kW) <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

$460<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

$350-550<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/docs\/fy16osti\/64987.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Lithium Batteries and Other Electrochemical Storage Systems. Glazie, Christian and Geni\u00e8s, Sylvie, August 2013. <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/9781118761120.ch6\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Battery Technologies for Large-Scale Stationary Energy Storage. Soloveichik, Grigorii L., General Electric Global Research, March 2011. <\/strong><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.annualreviews.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1146\/annurev-chembioeng-061010-114116<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Lithium-Ion Batteries for Off-Grid Systems \u2013 Are They a Good Match? Richmond, Randy. Home Power, February\/March 2013. <\/strong><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.homepower.com\/articles\/solar-electricity\/equipment-products\/lithium-ion-batteries-<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Energy analysis of batteries in photovoltaic systems. Part II: Energy return factors and overall battery efficiencies. Rydh, Carl Johan and Sand\u00e9n, Bj\u00f6rn A., Energy Conversion and Management<\/em>, Volume 46, July 2005. <\/strong><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0196890404002419<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Vida \u00fatil de los inversores y del Equilibrio del Sistema (BOS)<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Power capacity replacement year <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

10<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

10-15<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/docs\/fy16osti\/64987.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Lithium Batteries and Other Electrochemical Storage Systems. Glazie, Christian and Geni\u00e8s, Sylvie, August 2013. <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/9781118761120.ch6\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Battery Technologies for Large-Scale Stationary Energy Storage. Soloveichik, Grigorii L., General Electric Global Research, March 2011. <\/strong><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.annualreviews.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1146\/annurev-chembioeng-061010-114116<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Lithium-Ion Batteries for Off-Grid Systems \u2013 Are They a Good Match? Richmond, Randy. Home Power, February\/March 2013. <\/strong><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.homepower.com\/articles\/solar-electricity\/equipment-products\/lithium-ion-batteries-<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Energy analysis of batteries in photovoltaic systems. Part II: Energy return factors and overall battery efficiencies. Rydh, Carl Johan and Sand\u00e9n, Bj\u00f6rn A., Energy Conversion and Management<\/em>, Volume 46, July 2005. <\/strong><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0196890404002419<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Eficiencia de la rectificaci\u00f3n[8]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Rectifier efficiency (%) <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

96%<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

An integrated approach for the analysis and control of grid connected energy storage systems. Journal of Energy Storage, Volume 5, February 2016. <\/strong><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2352152X15300335<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Relaci\u00f3n entre la energ\u00eda entregada con respecto a la recuperada del almacenamiento<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Round trip efficiency (%) <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

97.5%<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

95 \u2013 98%<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

An integrated approach for the analysis and control of grid connected energy storage systems. Journal of Energy Storage, Volume 5, February 2016. <\/strong><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2352152X15300335<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Lithium Batteries and Other Electrochemical Storage Systems. Glazie, Christian and Geni\u00e8s, Sylvie, August 2013. <\/strong><\/p>\n

http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/9781118761120.ch6\/pdf<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Eficiencia del inversor (%)<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Inverter efficiency (%) <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

96<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

An integrated approach for the analysis and control of grid connected energy storage systems. Journal of Energy Storage, Volume 5, February 2016. <\/strong><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2352152X15300335<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

M\u00ednimo estado de carga[9]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Minimum state of charge (%) <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

20<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

15 \u2013 30%<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

An integrated approach for the analysis and control of grid connected energy storage systems. Journal of Energy Storage, Volume 5, February 2016. <\/strong><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2352152X15300335<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Estado de carga inicial de la bater\u00eda al inicio del periodo de an\u00e1lisis<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Minimum state of charge (%)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

50<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u00bfA la red el\u00e9ctrica se le permite tambi\u00e9n la carga de las bater\u00edas?<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Allow grid to charge battery<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

S\u00ed<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Incentivos<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Incentives <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0% ITC<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency. NC Clean Energy Tech Center, August 2017. <\/strong><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www<\/a>.dsireusa.org\/<\/p>\n

http:\/\/programs.dsireusa.org\/system\/program\/detail\/658<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Business Energy Investment Tax Credit (ITC). Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency, NC Clean Energy Tech Center, August 2017. <\/strong><\/p>\n

http:\/\/programs.dsireusa.org\/system\/program\/detail\/658<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Modified Accelerated Cost-Recovery System (MACRS). Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency, NC Clean Energy Tech Center, August 2017. <\/strong><\/p>\n

http:\/\/programs.dsireusa.org\/system\/program\/detail\/676<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Disminuci\u00f3n del coste de las bater\u00edas<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Total rebate ($\/kW)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Periodo de depreciaci\u00f3n acelerada<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

MACRS<\/strong>[10]<\/strong><\/a> schedule<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

7 a\u00f1os<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5 \u2013 7 a\u00f1os<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/docs\/fy18osti\/70384.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> En California est\u00e1n empleando el denominado \u201cnet metering\u201d que se define como un acuerdo existente entre la compa\u00f1\u00eda y el consumidor-generador mediante el que se otorgan cr\u00e9ditos a \u00e9ste \u00faltimo por el exceso de la electricidad generada (el consumidor paga \u00fanicamente la cantidad neta, adem\u00e1s de parte de los gastos de distribuci\u00f3n y otros servicios); el per\u00edodo de regularizaci\u00f3n es de 12 meses (mensualmente se netea por kWh, sin identificar valor econ\u00f3mico); pueden acogerse a esta modalidad instalaciones renovables de hasta 1 MW y el l\u00edmite de autoconsumo se ha ampliado hasta un 5,0% de la demanda punta agregada de cada empresa el\u00e9ctrica. El sistema permite conocer el momento del d\u00eda o semana en el que es utilizada la energ\u00eda. Actualmente en California existen tres tipos de contratos de \u201cnet metering\u201d:<\/p>\n